Subject Specific
76. The use of the verb google in the phrase ‘google it’ represents a case of word
formation via
a) Borrowing
b) Coinage
c) Conversion
d) Derivation
The use of the verb "google" in "google it" is an example of b) Coinage. Coinage is the process of creating a new word, often from a proper noun or brand name, which becomes widely accepted and used as a common word. In this case, "google" was originally the name of a search engine, but it has become a verb referring to the act of searching online using a search engine.
In the English language, coinage refers to the creation or invention of a new word. This could occur on purpose or by accident. For example, Google, frisbee, and stickies. The search engine Google is so commonly used that the term itself has taken on the meaning of conducting a web search.
to invent a new word or expression, or to use one in a particular way for the first time: coin a term Allen Ginsberg coined the term "flower power".
77. Which one of the following statement is true of discourse?
a) Discourse could be found in interview data
b) Discourse is how language operates in real life communicative events
c) Discourse is language at a level which is broader than a sentence
d) All of these
78. Which one is a traditional method of learning a language?
a) GTM
b) Audio lingual
c) Silent
d) Drill method
79. ___________ is the study of the literal meaning of linguistics items (words,
phrases, and sentences).
a) Semantics b) pragmatics c) syntax d) connotation
Explanation: Semantics is the branch of linguistics that focuses on the literal meaning of words, phrases, and sentences, whereas pragmatics deals with how meaning is used in context, and syntax studies the grammatical structure of sentences.
Key points about the other options:
Pragmatics: Studies how context affects the meaning of an utterance.
Syntax: Deals with the grammatical rules governing how words are combined to form sentences.
Connotation: Refers to the emotional or suggestive meaning associated with a word, beyond its literal definition
80. The linguistic capacity of a fluent speaker of a language corresponds to his ___
a) competence b) performance c) efficiency d) effectiveness
81. The Germanic language spoken in Britain from 5th the 11th century is _______
a) Old English b) French c) German d) Latin
The Germanic language spoken in Britain from the 5th to the 11th century is Old English.
82. ____________ deriving the implied meaning of a linguistic expression.
a) reference b) sense c) Inference d) schema
In linguistics and communication, inference is the mental process that allows us to go beyond the literal words and understand the speaker's or writer's intended message. We make inferences constantly in our daily lives. For example, if someone says, "It's freezing in here," we infer that they want the window closed or the heater turned on, even though they didn't directly ask for it. This process relies on our understanding of context, social norms, and shared knowledge.
Other Options
Reference (a): Refers to the relationship between a word or phrase and the object or concept it points to in the real world. For example, the word "dog" refers to the animal itself.
Sense (b): Refers to the network of relationships between a word and other words within the language system. It's the dictionary definition of a word. For example, the sense of "bachelor" is an unmarried man.
Schema (d): A mental framework or a structured set of knowledge about a particular topic. We use schemas to organize information and make sense of the world. For example, we have a "restaurant schema" that includes things like being seated, looking at a menu, and ordering food.
83. The word fee and vow begin with _______ consonants.
a) labiodentals b) bilabials c) dentals d) alveolars
Labiodentals are produced with the bottom lip touching the upper teeth.
In "fee", the initial sound /f/ is a voiceless labiodental fricative.
In "vow", the initial sound /v/ is a voiced labiodental fricative.
84. The first language acquisition starts from
a) Cooing b) babbling c) one word stage d) two-word stage
In first language acquisition, children typically pass through these stages:
Cooing (around 0–3 months) – making vowel-like sounds such as “ooo” or “ahh.”
Babbling (around 4–6 months) – producing consonant-vowel combinations like “ba” or “ma.”
One-word stage (around 12 months) – using single words to convey meaning, e.g., “milk.”
Two-word stage (around 18–24 months) – combining words, e.g., “want cookie.”
85. Meaning of the words this or that cannot be studied out of context. Such a
situation is called
a) dyslexia b) anaphora c) aphasia d) deixis
Explanation:
Deixis refers to words or phrases whose meaning depends entirely on the context in which they are used. "This" and "that" are prime examples of deictic words. Since their meaning depends on the speaker's location, time, and the surrounding situation, understanding them requires knowing the context of the conversation.
Why other options are incorrect:
a) Dyslexia:
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that primarily affects a person's ability to read. It's not related to the meaning of words depending on context.
b) Anaphora:
Anaphora refers to the use of a pronoun or other word to refer back to something previously mentioned in a text. While both anaphora and deixis involve context-dependent references, anaphora relies on previous text, whereas deixis relies on the immediate context.
c) Aphasia:
Aphasia is a language disorder that can affect different aspects of communication, including speaking, understanding, reading, and writing. It's not specifically related to the contextual dependence of words like "this" and "that".
86. The study of the origin and the history of a word is technically known as
a) history b)entomology c) etymology d) eschatology
The study of the origin and history of a word is technically known as etymology.
Explanation: "Etymology" comes from the Greek words "etymon" (meaning "true word") and "logos" (meaning "study").
Key points about other options:
a) History: History is the study of past events, people, and cultures, not specifically the origins of words.
b) Entomology: Entomology is the study of insects.
d) Eschatology: Eschatology is the study of the end times or death, particularly in religious context
87. The reduction of facsimile to fax is an example of
a) clipping b) abbreviation c) shortening d) blending
Clipping is a word formation process where a part of a word is removed to create a new, shorter word. The new word retains the original word's meaning. For instance, "facsimile" is clipped to "fax," "influenza" to "flu," and "telephone" to "phone." This is a very common way to form new words.
Abbreviation involves shortening a word or phrase, often by using only the initial letters. An example is FBI for Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Shortening is a general term that can encompass several processes, including clipping and abbreviation, but "clipping" is the more specific and accurate term for this particular type of word formation.
Blending is the process of combining parts of two words to form a new word. The resulting word often incorporates the meanings of both original words. Examples include "smog" (from smoke + fog) and "brunch" (from breakfast + lunch).
88. The boy in the sentence “The boy kicked the ball” is an example of
a) theme b) agent c) instrument d) experiencer
The boy in the sentence "The boy kicked the ball" is an example of an **agent**.
### **Explanation of Thematic Roles**
Thematic roles, also known as semantic roles, describe the function of a noun phrase in a sentence, regardless of its grammatical role.
* **Agent**: The entity that intentionally performs the action expressed by the verb. In the sentence "The boy kicked the ball," the boy is the agent because he is the one intentionally performing the action of kicking.
* **Theme**: The entity that undergoes the action or is moved, transferred, or located. In this sentence, "the ball" is the theme because it is the object that is kicked.
* **Instrument**: The inanimate object used by an agent to perform an action. An example would be "He hit the nail **with a hammer**."
* **Experiencer**: The entity that experiences a feeling, perception, or state. For example, in the sentence "The boy felt sad," "the boy" is the experiencer.
89. When the meaning of one form is contained in the meaning of another, the
relationship is called:
a) hyponymy b) metonymy c) synonymy d) polysemy
### Hyponymy
**Hyponymy** describes a hierarchical semantic relationship where the meaning of one word is a specific instance of another, more general word. The specific word is called the **hyponym**, and the general word is called the **hypernym** or superordinate. The meaning of the hyponym is "contained" within the meaning of the hypernym.
For example:
* **"Car"** is a **hyponym** of **"vehicle."** The meaning of "car" is a specific type of "vehicle."
* **"Red"** is a **hyponym** of **"color."** The meaning of "red" is a specific type of "color."
* **"Dog"** is a **hyponym** of **"animal."** The meaning of "dog" is a specific type of "animal."
* **b) Metonymy:** This is a figure of speech where a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with it. For example, referring to the monarch as "the Crown."
* **c) Synonymy:** This is the relationship between words that have similar or identical meanings, such as "happy" and "joyful."
* **d) Polysemy:** This refers to a word having multiple, related meanings. For example, the word "bank" can refer to a financial institution or the side of a river.
90. RP is:
a) variety b) dialect c) accent d) idiolect
Received Pronunciation (RP)
is an accent of the English language, specifically a standardized accent associated with the upper classes and traditionally used by the BBC.
Dialect:
A dialect is a variety of a language that includes differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
Idiolect:
An idiolect is the specific way an individual speaks.
Variety:
While "variety" can be a broad term, it's less specific than "accent" in this context. It's used to describe a distinct form of a language, and accent falls under that umbrella
91. A belief that the fluent use of a language is essentially a set of habits that could be developed with a lot of practice corresponds to
a) Grammar translation method
b) communicative method
c) role play method
d) audio lingual method
Explanation: The Audio-Lingual method heavily emphasizes repetition and practice to develop language habits, viewing fluency as the result of consistent exposure to and usage of language structures, similar to how a native speaker acquires their language.
92. The study of frequency of co occurrence of words is studied in
a) Computational linguistics
b) psycholinguistics
c) Corpus linguistics
d) historical linguistics
93. Sounds that consist of a combination of two vowel sounds are
a) diphthongs b) vowels c) velars d) nasals
Explanation: A diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds within a single syllable, where the sound glides from one vowel to the other.
Why other options are incorrect:
b) vowels: Vowels are single sounds, not combinations.
c) velars: Velars are consonants produced by the back of the tongue against the soft palate. They are not vowel sounds, nor are they combinations of vowel sounds.
d) nasals: Nasals are consonants produced by air flowing through the nose. They are not vowel sounds, nor are they combinations of vowel sounds
94. ___________ is defined as an impairment of language function due to localized
brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding or producing linguistic
forms.
a) Aphasia b) anaphora c) dyslexia d) deixis
Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to parts of the brain responsible for language, such as Broca's area or Wernicke's area. This damage often occurs after a stroke or a head injury. People with aphasia can have trouble with speaking, reading, writing, and understanding language.
Broca's Aphasia (Non-fluent aphasia): A person with Broca's aphasia understands language relatively well but has great difficulty speaking fluently. They might speak in short, fragmented sentences, often omitting small words like "is" or "the."
Example: A person with Broca's aphasia might say, "Walk... dog," to express the thought, "I will take the dog for a walk."
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Wernicke's Aphasia (Fluent aphasia): A person with Wernicke's aphasia can speak fluently, but the speech often lacks meaning. They may use the wrong words, create new words, or string together sentences that don't make sense. They also have difficulty understanding spoken and written language.
Example: When asked about their day, a person with Wernicke's aphasia might respond, "You know, the thing with the... I did it with the... where the... and they were there."
95. _________ is primarily used as a trade language.
a) creole b) dialect c) standard language d) Pidgin
The correct answer is **d) Pidgin**.
A **pidgin** is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups who do not share a common language. It is primarily used for practical purposes like **trade** or business, and it is not a native language for any of its speakers. Pidgins have a limited vocabulary and a simplified grammar, often drawing on elements from the languages of the people who created it.
### Pidgins vs. Creoles
It's important to distinguish a pidgin from a **creole**.
* A **pidgin** is a "contact language" that is no one's native language. It's a second language used for communication between different linguistic groups.
* A **creole** is a fully developed, stable language that has evolved from a pidgin. When children grow up speaking a pidgin as their first language, they naturally expand its vocabulary and grammatical structure, turning it into a creole. Creoles have native speakers and a more complex linguistic system than pidgins.
Dialect:
A dialect is a regional variety of a language that shares a common core vocabulary with other dialects but may have differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.
Standard language:
A standard language is the form of a language considered to be the most widely used and accepted, often taught in schools and used in formal setting
96. The study of signs is called ______
a) semiotics b) semantics c) pragmatics d) syntax
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), a Swiss linguist. His work laid the foundation for structural linguistics and what he called "semiology." He proposed a two-part model of the sign, consisting of a signifier (the form, like a word or image) and the signified (the concept or meaning it represents).
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), an American philosopher. He is often credited with coining the term "semiotics." Peirce developed a more complex, triadic model of the sign, which includes the sign (or representamen), the object (what the sign refers to), and the interpretant (the mental effect or idea created by the sign)
97. The number of consonant sounds in English
a) 44 b) 20 c) 24 d) 32
The number of consonant sounds in English is 24.
Explanation:
There are a total of 44 sounds in English, and 24 of them are classified as consonant sounds.
Why other options are incorrect:
44: This number represents the total number of sounds in English, including both vowels and consonants.
20: This number represents the number of vowel sounds in English.
98. One of the most common ways to create a visual representation of syntactic
structure is through
a) tree diagram b) listing c) graphs d) histograms
99. The process of not producing a sound segment deliberately, that might be
present in pronunciation of the word in isolation
a) elision b) deletion c) borrowing d) idiolect
The process of deliberately not producing a sound segment that might be present in the pronunciation of a word in isolation is called **elision**.
Elision is a common feature of connected speech where sounds, syllables, or even whole words are omitted to make speech flow more smoothly and quickly.
### Examples of Elision
* The "t" sound is often elided in words like **"exactly,"** which is frequently pronounced as /ɪɡˈzækli/ instead of /ɪɡˈzæktli/.
* The vowel sound in words like **"camera"** is often elided, leading to the pronunciation /ˈkæmrə/ instead of /ˈkæmərə/.
* The final sound of a word can be elided when it is followed by a word starting with the same sound. For instance, **"next day"** might sound like /ˈnɛks deɪ/.
100. The language or speech pattern of one individual at a particular period of life.
a) Idiolect b) dialect c)sociolect d) accent
An idiolect refers to the unique and individual way a person speaks. It encompasses their specific vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, which are influenced by their personal experiences, social groups, and even their physical characteristics. It's essentially a person's individual "fingerprint" of language, which can change over time.
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