Here is a typed and improved version of your notes on **prepositions**, with added examples and a simple diagram-style explanation for better understanding:
---
## **1. Simple Prepositions**
**Definition:**
Simple prepositions are single-word prepositions used to show the relationship of a noun/pronoun to another word in the sentence.
**Examples of Simple Prepositions:**
`by, on, in, up, off, under, out, to, at, with, from, underneath, behind, inside, among, in, over, along`
**Usage:**
* Used to express time, place, direction, etc.
* Help join two clauses in compound or complex sentences.
**Examples:**
* The cat sat **on** the mat.
* He walked **to** the market.
* She hid **behind** the curtain.
---
## **2. Compound Prepositions**
**Definition:**
Compound prepositions are formed by combining a preposition with another word (usually a noun, adjective, or adverb).
**Examples of Compound Prepositions:**
`across, along, before, beside, behind, below, beneath, inside, outside, underneath, with regard to, according to`
**Examples:**
* He was sitting **beside** his mother.
* They are nothing **without** this assistant.
* **According to** my calculations, this color should work just fine.
* I started for home **with a view to** celebrating Eid **with my family**.
* **On behalf of** my family, my father attended the reunion.
---
## **3. Types of Prepositions**
Prepositions are categorized based on their function:
### a) **Prepositions of Time (When?)**
Used to show *when* something happens.
Examples: `in, on, at, before, after`
**Examples:**
* My birthday falls **in** January.
* My vacation ends **on** Monday.
* It gets cold **at** night.
### b) **Prepositions of Place (Where?)**
Used to show *position or location*.
Examples: `in, on, at, under, above, below, beside`
**Examples:**
* The books are **on** the table.
* The plane is flying **below** the clouds.
### c) **Prepositions of Direction (Which direction?)**
Used to show movement.
Examples: `to, into, out of, from, up, down`
**Examples:**
* We went **to** London last week.
* He went **up** the hill.
---
## **4. Prepositional Phrases**
**Definition:**
A prepositional phrase includes a preposition, its object, and any modifiers.
**Examples:**
* The rabbits hopped **through the garden**.
* The balloon drifted **up the stairs**.
* The tiger crept slowly **over the grass**.
* Salman walked **as far as he could**.
---
## **5. Prepositions in Use (Special Focus)**
### **From** – shows starting point (time/place)
* I will join gym classes **from** Monday.
* He waited for me **from** 7 **till** 8.
### **Till** – shows end time
* Can be used between two time points.
### **During** – shows the time something happened
* He was away from home **during** the Puja.
* Prices of things shot up **during** the war.
### **By & With**
* **By** – used for a person
* **With** – used for an instrument
**Examples:**
* This letter is written **by** me **with** a blue pen.
* The tiger was killed **by** Ali.
* The letter was written **with** a pen.
### **Around & Throughout**
* **Around** – approximate time
* My friend came here **around** 11 a.m.
* **Throughout** – from start to end
* I work **throughout** the night.
### **Through**
* When something is moving inside a closed area
* The water is passing **through** the pipe.
---
### **Illustration for Better Understanding:**
**Prepositions of Time:**
```
|------|------|------|
Jan Now June
"in January" "by June"
```
**Prepositions of Place:**
```
Table
|
Book is **on** the table.
```
**Prepositions of Direction:**
```
Start --> Walked **to** the door.
Here's a fully **organized and simplified version** of your detailed notes on **prepositions**, with **clear rules, categorized examples, and easy-to-understand tables**:
---
# **PREPOSITIONS: Complete & Easy Guide**
### **Definition:**
A **preposition** is a word placed **before a noun or pronoun** to show its **relation** to another word in the sentence.
**Examples:**
* He has gone **to** college **by** bus.
* She sat **on** the chair.
---
## **I. Types of Prepositions**
### **1. Simple Prepositions**
**Definition:** One-word prepositions showing time, place, direction, etc.
**Examples:** *in, on, to, at, with, from, under, over, by, off*
| Function | Example Sentence |
| --------- | ----------------------------- |
| Place | The book is **on** the table. |
| Time | She left **at** noon. |
| Direction | He walked **to** school. |
---
### **2. Compound Prepositions**
**Definition:** Formed by adding a preposition to a noun/adjective/adverb.
**Examples:** *beside, beneath, according to, with regard to, on behalf of*
| Sentence | Meaning |
| ------------------------------------------- | ------------ |
| She sat **beside** me. | next to |
| **According to** the teacher, it's correct. | as per |
| I spoke **on behalf of** my class. | representing |
---
### **3. Prepositions by Function**
#### a) **Time**
| Preposition | Usage | Example |
| ------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------- |
| **at** | exact time/holiday | at 5 p.m., at Eid |
| **on** | day/date | on Monday, on 14th August |
| **in** | month/season/year | in July, in winter |
| **since** | from past to now | since 2010 |
| **for** | duration | for 2 hours |
| **during** | within a time | during the match |
| **by** | before a deadline | by Friday |
| **from – to** | start to end | from 9 to 5 |
| **within** | inside a time limit | within an hour |
#### b) **Place**
| Preposition | Usage | Example |
| ----------------- | --------------- | ------------------ |
| **in** | inside/enclosed | in the room |
| **on** | surface | on the table |
| **at** | point/place | at the door |
| **under** | lower than | under the bed |
| **above/below** | higher/lower | above the clouds |
| **behind/beside** | position | behind the curtain |
#### c) **Direction/Movement**
| Preposition | Usage | Example |
| ----------- | ------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| **to** | destination | He is going to school. |
| **into** | movement inside | He jumped into the pool. |
| **onto** | movement on surface | She stepped onto the stage. |
| **towards** | direction | He is walking towards the gate. |
| **out of** | exiting | The cat ran out of the box. |
| **from** | starting point | I came from Lahore. |
---
## **II. Special Focus: “By” vs “With”**
| Word | Use | Example |
| -------- | --------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |
| **by** | doer of the action (person) | The poem was written **by** Iqbal. |
| **with** | tool/instrument | He wrote **with** a pen. |
---
## **III. Prepositional Phrases**
**Definition:** A group starting with a preposition, ending with a noun/pronoun.
**Examples:**
* **Under the tree**, they played.
* He walked **along the road**.
* The balloon floated **through the air**.
---
## **IV. Important Concepts & Tips**
### 1. **Prepositions are followed by:**
* **Noun:** under the table
* **Pronoun:** beside me
* **Gerund:** interested in singing
* **Noun Phrase:** in a beautiful house
* **Noun Clause:** about what he said
### 2. **No Noun = No Preposition!**
### 3. **Preposition vs Adverb Quiz**
* He went **in**. → Adverb (no object after "in")
* He went **into the room**. → Preposition (object = "room")
---
## **V. Location vs Direction (with Examples)**
| Type | Preposition | Meaning | Example |
| --------- | ----------- | ----------------- | -------------------------- |
| Location | **on** | surface | The book is on the desk. |
| | **in** | enclosed | He is in the room. |
| | **at** | point | She is at the gate. |
| Direction | **onto** | moving to surface | She climbed onto the roof. |
| | **into** | moving inside | He went into the hall. |
| | **to** | destination | I am going to college. |
| | **towards** | direction | He ran towards me. |
---
## **VI. Spatial Relations**
| Preposition | Meaning | Example |
| ----------- | ------------------ | ------------------------------------ |
| **along** | parallel | Walking along the river. |
| **around** | circular limit | Around the park. |
| **within** | inside a limit | Stay within the line. |
| **against** | collision/opposing | The car hit against the wall. |
| **across** | surface crossing | She ran across the road. |
| **through** | enclosed space | The train passed through the tunnel. |
---
## **VII. Summary Tables**
### Prepositions of Time
| At | On | In |
| -------- | ---------- | --------- |
| at 5pm | on Monday | in July |
| at night | on Eid day | in winter |
### Prepositions of Place
| In | On | At |
| ----------- | ----------- | -------------- |
| in the room | on the wall | at the station |
### Prepositions of Direction
| To | Into | Onto |
| --------- | ------------ | -------------- |
| to school | into the box | onto the stage
```
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